Alla GIOTTO di Bondone s Oljemålningar
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62994 . Wedding Procession  . Wedding Procession   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Mary walks in front of her companions and is led to the house other parents, where she is received by musicians. This group alone lends a cheery air to the sombre procession. The bay window of the house, from which a palm leaf juts out as an allusion to the imminent birth of the Lord, appears again in the representation of the Annunciation. In this way Giotto incorporates the Bridal Procession of the Virgin into the sequence of the narrative. The fresco was damaged by the humidity. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 12 Scenes from the Life of the Virgin: 6. Wedding Procession , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
52369 Allegory of Chastity  Allegory of Chastity   c. 1330 Fresco Lower Church
62982 Allegory of Chastity  Allegory of Chastity   1330 Fresco Lower Church, San Francesco, Assisi Extremely vivid and bizarre figures of demons are being cast into the abyss. They are Unchasteness (Immunditia) with the boar's head, Burning Desire (Ardor) with the flaming head, and Love (Amor) with the clawed feet and the hearts tied around him. The round is completed by the spider-legged, devilish Death (Mors). Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Franciscan Allegories: Allegory of Chastity (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44382 Allegory of Obedience  Allegory of Obedience   c. 1330
52359 Allegory of Poverty  Allegory of Poverty   c. 1330 Fresco Lower Church
33310 Anna and Joachim Meet at the Golden Gate  Anna and Joachim Meet at the Golden Gate   mk86 1303-1305 Fresco, c.185x200cm Padua,Arena Chapel
21150 Anna and Joachim Meet at the Golden Gate (mk08)  Anna and Joachim Meet at the Golden Gate (mk08)   1303-1305 Fresco.c.185x200cm Padua,Arena Chapel
44364 Annunciation to St Anne  Annunciation to St Anne   200 x 185 cm
52385 Annunciation to Zacharias  Annunciation to Zacharias   1320 Fresco, 280 x 450 cm
44356 Apparition at Arles  Apparition at Arles   1297-1300 270 x 230 cm
52392 Apparition at Arles  Apparition at Arles   1325 Fresco, 280 x 450 cm
44358 Apparition to Fra Agostino and to Bishop Guido of Arezzo  Apparition to Fra Agostino and to Bishop Guido of Arezzo   1300 270 x 230 cm
52366 Ascension of Christ  Ascension of Christ   c. 1300 Fresco Upper Church
52389 Ascension of the Evangelist  Ascension of the Evangelist   1320 Fresco, 280 x 450 cm
57224 Assisi Saint - Francois accept the stigma  Assisi Saint - Francois accept the stigma   mk255 about for years in 1295-1300 plastic painting dyes, gold background, Yang wooden 3.13 meters high 1.63 meters wide Louvre
62987 Baptism of Christ  Baptism of Christ   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua In spite of the high quality details of this scene, the irrational representation of the water in which Christ stands indicates that Giotto was still influenced by medieval iconographic conventions. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 23 Scenes from the Life of Christ: 7. Baptism of Christ , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44308 Baroncelli Polyptych  Baroncelli Polyptych   c. 1334 Tempera on wood, 185 x 323 cm
62956 Baroncelli Polyptych  Baroncelli Polyptych   1334 Tempera on wood Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence Mary bows her head reverently in order to receive the celestial crown from the hands of her Son. Mother and Son form a whole through their gestures, but mainly through their garments: both are clothed in radiant bright white and pink worked through with gold. The elegance of their clothing, in particular the trumpet-shaped sleeves on Christ's robe, indicates a great affinity with the style of courtly Gothic. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Baroncelli Polyptych (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44329 Birth and Naming of the Baptist  Birth and Naming of the Baptist   280 x 450 cm
48620 Birth of Christ  Birth of Christ   mk191 1302-1305 Oil on canvas
62983 Birth of Jesus  Birth of Jesus   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The simple shelter under which the Virgin and her Child seek refuge is situated in the middle of a bleak rocky landscape. Mary turns on her side on the bed in order to receive the new-born baby from the arms of a midwife ?a natural and spontaneous gesture, which is captured by the way mother and child look at one another. Although on the periphery, this exchange of glances seems to be the actual centre of the portrayal, which is expanded to include the scene of the Annunciation to the shepherds. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 17 Scenes from the Life of Christ: 1. Nativity: Birth of Jesus , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44361 Canonization of St Francis  Canonization of St Francis   270 x 230 cm
44342 Christ among the Doctors  Christ among the Doctors   200 x 185 cm
44374 Christ Among the Doctors  Christ Among the Doctors   1310
62986 Christ among the Doctors  Christ among the Doctors   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua In a rich red robe, the little twelve-year-old Jesus sits in the temple and holds a discussion - as his gesture quite clearly indicates. The arches of the architecture seem to echo the young boy's speech and at the same time to concentrate events on him. The scribes listen closely and in doing so show quite different reactions. Only one of them is completely distracted by the appearance of the worried parents. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 22 Scenes from the Life of Christ: 6. Christ among the Doctors , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
52387 Christ before Caiaphas  Christ before Caiaphas   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm
52396 Christ Enthroned  Christ Enthroned   c. 1330 Tempera on panel
44348 Confirmation of the Rule  Confirmation of the Rule   270 x 230 cm
21955 Coretto (mk14)  Coretto (mk14)   1305 Fresco Cappella degli Scrovegni,Padua
62963 Creation of Adam  Creation of Adam   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The medallion showing the Creation of Adam is at the left side of the Raising of Lazarus. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Creation of Adam (on the decorative band) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
33298 Crucifixion  Crucifixion   mk86 1303-1305 Fresco Padua Arena Chapel
21138 Crucifixion (mk08)  Crucifixion (mk08)   1303-1305 Fresco.Padua, Arena Chapel
62955 Daedalus after  Daedalus after   1334 Marble Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence In Greek mythology Daedalus stands as a creative worker at the beginning of all art: Daedalus, the inventor of the labyrinth and of flying, is supposed to have been the first successfully to create a sculpture with arms akimbo and parted legs. Since he is thus supposed to have given life to figures for the first time, he is considered as the very first artist. The design of this relief, though not its execution, derives from Giotto. It shows Daedalus in a striding posture on top of a cupola that acts as a launching pad. All of his energy seems directed towards lifting his heavy, feather-covered body into the air. This concentration of energy corresponds to the energy of Giotto's painted figures. With one exception, this is the only portrayal of Daedalus to exist between the era of ancient Rome and the age of the Renaissance. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Daedalus , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44357 Death and Ascension of St Francis  Death and Ascension of St Francis   270 x 230 cm
52393 Death and Ascension of St Francis  Death and Ascension of St Francis   c. 1325 Fresco, 280 x 450 cm
52383 Decorative band with figure  Decorative band with figure   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni
62969 Decorative band with figure  Decorative band with figure   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The band is at the left side of Joachim among the Shepherds. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Decorative band with figure , 1301-1350 School
62971 Decorative band with figure  Decorative band with figure   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The band is at the left side of the Marriage of the Virgin. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Decorative band with figure , 1301-1350
52381 Decorative band with figures  Decorative band with figures   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni
52382 Decorative band with figures  Decorative band with figures   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni
62976 Decorative bands  Decorative bands   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The decorative bands on the walls above contain several scenes from the Old Testament and busts of saints and prophets. The Old Testament scenes are of a very modest standard, and owe their presence in the chapel to the Gothic tradition of representing parallels between the Old and New Testament. Some of the figures of saints and prophets are of very high workmanship, and among the most impressive of Giotto's repertoire. The two scenes on this wall detail are from the life of Christ: 11. Expulsion of the Money-changers from the Temple and 20. Mourning of Christ. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Decorative bands , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62977 Decorative bands  Decorative bands   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The decorative bands on the walls above contain several scenes from the Old Testament and busts of saints and prophets. The Old Testament scenes are of a very modest standard, and owe their presence in the chapel to the Gothic tradition of representing parallels between the Old and New Testament. Some of the figures of saints and prophets are of very high workmanship, and among the most impressive of Giotto's repertoire. The two scenes on this wall detail are from the life of Christ: 8. Marriage at Cana and 23. Pentecost. *** Keywords: ************* Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Decorative bands , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44315 Descent into Limbo  Descent into Limbo   1320-25 Tempera on wood, 45 x 44 cm
48623 Detail of Birth of Christ  Detail of Birth of Christ   mk191 Oil on canvas
48624 Detail of Birth of Christ  Detail of Birth of Christ   mk191 the face of the Virgin Mary
52371 Dream of Innocent III  Dream of Innocent III   1297-99 Fresco, 270 x 230 cm
44362 Dream of St Gregory  Dream of St Gregory   270 x 230 cm
44345 Dream of the Palace  Dream of the Palace   270 x 230 cm
44351 Ecstasy of St Francis  Ecstasy of St Francis   270 x 230 cm
62989 Ecstasy of St Francis  Ecstasy of St Francis   1297-1300 Fresco, 270 x 230 cm Upper Church, San Francesco, Assisi This is the twelfth of the twenty-eight scenes (twenty-five of which were painted by Giotto) of Legend of Saint Francis. The five scenes from The Vision of the Flaming Chariot to St Francis in Ecstasy (No. 8-12) are characterized by inferior workmanship, especially in the figures. This scene was executed partly by assistants. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Legend of St Francis: 12. Ecstasy of St Francis , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62967 Elijah on the Fire-cart  Elijah on the Fire-cart   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The medallion showing Elijah on the fire-cart is at the left side of the Ascension. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Elijah on the Fire-cart (on the decorative band) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
33308 Enthroned Madonna with Saints  Enthroned Madonna with Saints   mk86 c.1305-1310 Tempera on wood 325x204cm Florence,Galleria degli Uffizi
21148 Enthroned Madonna with Saints (mk08)  Enthroned Madonna with Saints (mk08)   c.1305-1310 Tempera on wood, 325x204cm Florence Galleria degli Uffizi
52386 Entry into Jerusalem  Entry into Jerusalem   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm
44350 Exorcism of the Demons at Arezzo  Exorcism of the Demons at Arezzo   270 x 230 cm
44331 Expulsion of the Money-changers from the Temple  Expulsion of the Money-changers from the Temple   1304-06
44330 Feast of Herod  Feast of Herod   280 x 450 cm
40128 Flight into Egypt  Flight into Egypt   mk156 200x185cm 1303-05
62984 Flight into Egypt  Flight into Egypt   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua On a narrow rocky path, the procession seems to move past the viewer. Equipped with everyday objects, everyone is in motion, looking at one another and talking to one another - only the Virgin Mary sits still and unmoving. The statuesque nature other upright position is further reinforced by the rock behind. Although the child is as natural as can be, the central figures in the picture thus stand out from their surroundings and have a sublime effect. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 20 Scenes from the Life of Christ: 4. Flight into Egypt , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
19968 Francis Receiving the Stigmata (mk05)  Francis Receiving the Stigmata (mk05)   Wood 123 1/4 x 64 1/4''(313 x 163 cm).From the Church of San Francesco in Pisa entered the Louvre in 1814 INV
62981 Franciscan  Franciscan   1330 Fresco Lower Church, San Francesco, Assisi In a well-fortified castle, Chastity rules: only angels can enter here. In order to reach her, a long path must be followed. The representatives of the three divisions of the Franciscan order (a lay brother, a Franciscan and aClare) have climbed the hill. They too, as the middle scene shows, will be washed and dressed by angels. On the other side the extremely vivid and bizarre figures of demons are being cast into the abyss. They are Unchasteness (Immunditia) with the boar's head, Burning Desire (Ardor) with the flaming head, and Love (Amor) with the clawed feet and the hearts tied around him. The round is completed by the spider-legged, devilish Death (Mors). Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Franciscan Allegories: Allegory of Chastity , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
52367 Frescoes in the fourth bay of the nave  Frescoes in the fourth bay of the nave   1290s Fresco Upper Church
44339 Frescoes in the second bay of the nave  Frescoes in the second bay of the nave   Oil on canvas
44310 GIOTTO  GIOTTO   1320-25 Tempera on wood, 81 x 55 cm
44370 God Sends Gabriel to the Virgin  God Sends Gabriel to the Virgin   1306 230 x 690 cm
44343 Homage of a Simple Man  Homage of a Simple Man   270 x 230 cm
44352 Institution of the Crib at Greccio  Institution of the Crib at Greccio   270 x 230 cm
56590 jesus infor oversteprasten kajafas  jesus infor oversteprasten kajafas   mk248 sodra vaggen, arenakapellet, padua giotto foruandlar taket med bjalkarna i kajafas sal till ett kistlock, det finns ingen mojligbet att fly. det finns sa mycket rorelse i bilden att det tar ett tag innan man ser fesus sorgsna blick mot den balvt dolde petrus, som just fornekat att ban var en av bans larjungar.
44363 Joachim among the Shepherds  Joachim among the Shepherds   1304-06 200 x 185 cm
62991 Joachim among the Shepherds  Joachim among the Shepherds   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Sad and introverted, Joachim arrives among the shepherds. Using the contrast between the lively sheep, the dog that greets him, and the knowing glances of the shepherds, Giotto elucidates his state of mind in the voluminous, closed form of the saint. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 2 Scenes from the Life of Joachim: 2. Joachim among the Shepherds , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
33309 Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness  Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness   mk86 c.1303-1305 Fresco. c.185x200cm Padua,Arena Chapel
21149 Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness (mk08)  Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness (mk08)   C.1303-1305 Fresco.c.185x200cm Padua, Arena Chapel
62992 Joachim's Sacrificial Offering  Joachim's Sacrificial Offering   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua In the open countryside, Joachim has sunk to the ground and catches sight of an angel, who indicates to him that his sacrifice has been accepted. Colour is used to establish a connection between these two figures, illustrating the miraculous nature of events. As so often, Giotto also employs a figure here who comments on the action ?the praying shepherd. In his colorings, he is closer to the rocks and the animals. He too recognizes the hand of benediction in the sky. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 4 Scenes from the Life of Joachim: 4. Joachim's Sacrificial Offering , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44365 Joachim-s Dream  Joachim-s Dream   200 x 185 cm
52375 Joachim-s Sacrificial Offering  Joachim-s Sacrificial Offering   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm
34384 Joachims Traum  Joachims Traum   mk92 1304-1306 Padua,Arenakapelle
62961 Jonah Swallowed up by the Whale  Jonah Swallowed up by the Whale   1304-06 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The medallion showing Jonah swallowed up by the whale is at the left side of the Lamentation. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Jonah Swallowed up by the Whale (on the decorative band) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44332 Judas-Betrayal  Judas-Betrayal   150 x 140 cm
30389 Lamentation over the Dead Christ  Lamentation over the Dead Christ   mk68 Fresco Padua Arena Chapel c.1306 Italy
30947 Lamentation over the Dead CHrist  Lamentation over the Dead CHrist   mk68 c.1306
56591 lasarus ateruppstar fran de doda  lasarus ateruppstar fran de doda   mk248 norra vaggen, arenakapellet, padua lasarus,bror till marta ocb maria, bar varit dod i fyra dagar. hans systrar bar blokt nog tackt over ocb munnar nar graven oppnas ocb fesus mirakulost nog ateruppva cker bonom till livet. giotto bar placerat fesus ocb lasarus sa att de aterspeglar varandra ocb budskapet ar att fesus inom kort ocksa ska do ocb ateruppsta fran de doda.
30388 Last Judgement  Last Judgement   mk68 Fresco Padua Arena Chapel c.1306 Italy
62962 Last Judgement  Last Judgement   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The detail shows Christ the judge is enclosed within a mandorla, surrounded by angels. *** Keywords: ************* Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgement (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
44327 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1000 x 840 cm
52380 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco, 1000 x 840 cm
62959 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco, 1000 x 840 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua This extensive depiction of the Last Judgment in the west of the church is dominated by the large Christ in Majesty at its centre. The twelve apostles sit to His left and to His right. Here the two levels divide: the heavenly host appears above, people plunge into the maw of hell below, or are led by angels towards heaven. The way this large fresco is divided into registers is traditional. But if we look at Giotto's invention in detail, then his novel attempts at visualizing different spheres, as well as abstract beliefs, become particularly apparent. In the center of the representation, Christ is enthroned as supreme Judge in a rainbow-colored mandorla. The deep, radiant gold background, the style of painting, and the delicate substance give the impression that the heavens have opened in order to reveal the powerful, extremely solidly modelled figure of Christ. Different levels are likewise alluded to when the choirs of angels disappear behind the real window, or when the celestial watch in the upper area of the picture rolls back the firmament, behind which the golden-red doors of the heavenly Jerusalem shine forth. The black and red maw of hell, which seems to anticipate Dante's "Inferno", is different again in its impact. The way in which Giotto establishes a connection between the present-day world of the faithful and the world beyond all time, the world of the Last Judgment, contains another interesting detail. The donor Scrovegni, still alive at the time, kneels next to those being resurrected and offers "his" church to the three Marys, assisted by a priest. The latter is portrayed in a most lively manner: his robes hang - painted quite illusionistically - over the arch of the portal. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62964 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua This detail represents angels located below the Apostles on the left side of the fresco. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , painting
62965 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The Blessed, men and women, representatives of the secular and the sacred, are accompanied on their ascent by angels. The differently formed, thoroughly individual heads seen in profile, the gazes, the posture of the hands and the whole bodies are focused as if spellbound on the higher goal. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62966 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The ground has opened up and the naked people clamber out of their coffins. Some are still completely occupied with themselves or are helping one another; others have already raised their hands in prayer. They appear as full of hope as the ranks of the Blessed above them. There, men and women, representatives of the secular and the sacred, are accompanied on their ascent by angels. The differently formed, thoroughly individual heads seen in profile, the gazes, the posture of the hands and the whole bodies are focused as if spellbound on the higher goal. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62968 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62970 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62972 Last Judgment  Last Judgment   1306 Fresco Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The Prince of Hell, a giant monster, is enthroned on a dragon. He grabs the damned and eats them. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Last Judgment (detail) , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
40127 Legend of St Francis St Francis Preaching before Pope Honorius Ill  Legend of St Francis St Francis Preaching before Pope Honorius Ill   mk156 1296-1297 Fresco
62980 Legend of St Francis: Scenes Nos  Legend of St Francis: Scenes Nos   4-6 1297-99 Fresco Upper Church, San Francesco, Assisi The walls of the nave are divided up by an illusionistic framework. The width of each bay is taken up by three scenes, more or less square in shape. The scenes from the life of St Francis are represented in triplets. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Legend of St Francis: Scenes Nos. 4-6 , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
62957 Madonna and Child  Madonna and Child   1297 Tempera on wood Private collection This panel was painted for a chapel in the church Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: Madonna and Child , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
33243 Madonna in Maesta  Madonna in Maesta   mk83 c.1310
30392 Madonna in Majesty  Madonna in Majesty   mk68 Tempera on wood Florence,Uffizi Early Italian.
52370 Marriage at Cana  Marriage at Cana   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm
62988 Marriage at Cana  Marriage at Cana   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua The comic characterization of the guests and servants is noteworthy in this scene. Artist: GIOTTO di Bondone Painting Title: No. 24 Scenes from the Life of Christ: 8. Marriage at Cana , 1301-1350 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
52376 Marriage of the Virgin  Marriage of the Virgin   1304-06 Fresco, 200 x 185 cm
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GIOTTO di Bondone
Italian Early Renaissance Painter, 1267-1337 Italian painter and designer. In his own time and place he had an unrivalled reputation as the best painter and as an innovator, superior to all his predecessors, and he became the first post-Classical artist whose fame extended beyond his lifetime and native city. This was partly the consequence of the rich literary culture of two of the cities where he worked, Padua and Florence. Writing on art in Florence was pioneered by gifted authors and, although not quite art criticism, it involved the comparison of local artists in terms of quality. The most famous single appreciation is found in Dante's verses (Purgatory x) of 1315 or earlier. Exemplifying the transience of fame, first with poets and manuscript illuminators, Dante then remarked that the fame of Cimabue, who had supposed himself to be the leader in painting, had now been displaced by Giotto. Ironically, this text was one factor that forestalled the similar eclipse of Giotto's fame, which was clearly implied by the poet.



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